Dr. Charles W. Thiel

General and ultra-high resolution spectroscopy of transition metal and rare earth activated optical materials.

Study of coherence properties of impurity ion transitions in optical materials and the fundamental mechanisms that affect ion coherence.

Synthesis of expertise in optical materials and electron photoemission spectroscopy to study the broad electronic structure of impurity states and host bands in optical materials.

Comprehensive study of the mechanisms and effects of spectral diffusion and instantaneous spectral diffusion, including ion-ion interactions, spin dynamics, and general two-level systems.

Development of quantitative theoretical models for predicting spectral diffusion and how it is affected by environmental and material parameters.

Study of electron trapping, valence stability, and charge mobility in optical materials and the effects on photo-darkening and non-radiative relaxation in laser, phosphor, and scintillator materials.

Study of the fundamental nature of inhomogeneous line broadening in crystals and the effects of disorder, defects, and strain on the optical spectra.

Spatial-spectral holography applications and optical materials design for signal processing and optical memory.

Laser frequency stabilization to spectral holes and optical frequency references.

Quantum computing and quantum memory using rare-earth ions in crystals.

Development of novel data analysis techniques and algorithms.

I have worked on joint projects between the university and several corporations. This work has enabled me to help transfer expertise gained in fundamental scientific studies to an industrial partner to aid in the development of commercial prototypes.

Electron photoemission and resonant photoemission spectroscopy of insulating optical materials using synchrotron radiation and x-ray lamps, including over four months of full-time work at the UW Synchrotron Radiation Center.

Frequency stabilization of external-cavity diode lasers to optical references.

Experience measuring and modeling the mechanisms and effects of spectral diffusion in paramagnetic materials.

Absorption, emission, and time-resolved excitation spectroscopy from near-IR to VUV.

Photoconductivity spectroscopy of rare-earth-doped wide band gap materials.

Nonlinear laser spectroscopy including spectral hole burning, optical coherent transient spectroscopy, optically detected nuclear magnetic resonance, and excited-state absorption.

Experience with cryogenic equipment and superconducting magnet cryostats.

Experience with vacuum systems, including ultra-high vacuum techniques and hardware.

Experience with a wide range of tunable laser systems.

Experience with optical fiber and 1.5 µm telecom hardware.

Design and programming of automated data acquisition and data analysis software.

"Controlled compositional disorder in Er³⁺:Y₂SiO₅ provides a wide-bandwidth spectral hole burning material at 1.5µm," T. Böttger, C. W. Thiel, R. L. Cone, and Y. Sun, Phys. Rev. B, Accepted for Publication (2008)

"Magnetic g-tensors for the ⁴I_15/2 and ⁴I_13/2 states of Er³⁺:Y₂SiO₅," Y. Sun, T. Böttger, C. W. Thiel, and R. L. Cone, Phys. Rev. B 77, 085124 (2008)

"Laser frequency stabilization at 1.5 microns using ultranarrow inhomogeneous absorption profiles in Er³⁺:LiYF₄," T. Böttger, G. J. Pryde, C. W. Thiel, and R. L. Cone, J. Lumin. 127, 83 (2007)

"Spectroscopy and Dynamics of Er³⁺:Y₂SiO₅ at 1.5 µm," T. Böttger, Y. Sun, C. W. Thiel, and R. L. Cone, Phys. Rev. B 74, 075107 (2006)

"Optical Decoherence and Spectral Diffusion at 1.5 µm in Er³⁺:Y₂SiO₅ vs. Magnetic Field, Temperature, and Er³⁺ Concentration," T. Böttger, C. W. Thiel, Y. Sun, and R. L. Cone, Phys. Rev. B 73, 075101 (2006)

"Optical Dephasing by Disorder Modes in Yttrium Orthosilicate (Y₂SiO₅) doped with Eu³⁺," R. M. Macfarlane, Y. Sun, R. L. Cone, C. W. Thiel, and R. W. Equall, J. Lumin. 107, 310 (2004)

"Spectral Hole Burning and Energy Level Structure of Tb³⁺:LiYF₄," C. W. Thiel, Y. Sun, R. W. Equall, and R. L. Cone, J. Lumin. 107, 236 (2004)

"Energies of Rare-earth Ion States Relative to Host Bands in Optical Materials from Electron Photoemission Spectroscopy," C. W. Thiel, Ph.D. Thesis, Montana State University, 2003

"Temperature and concentration dependence of optical dephasing, spectral hole lifetime, and anisotropic absorption in Eu³⁺:Y₂SiO₅," F. Könz, Y. Sun, C. W. Thiel, R. L. Cone, R. W. Equall, R. L. Hutcheson, and R. M. Macfarlane, Phys. Rev. B 68, 085109 (2003)

"Material optimization of Er³⁺:Y₂SiO₅ at 1.5 µm for optical processing, memory, and laser frequency stabilization applications," T. Böttger, Y. Sun, C. W. Thiel, and R. L. Cone, Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 4988, 51 (2003)

"Progress in relating rare earth ion 4f and 5d energy levels to host bands in optical materials for hole burning, quantum information, and phosphors," C. W. Thiel, Y. Sun, and R. L. Cone, J. Mod. Optics 49, 2399 (2002)

"Recent progress in developing new rare earth materials for hole burning and coherent transient applications," Y. Sun, C. W. Thiel, R. L. Cone, R. W. Equall, and R. L. Hutcheson, J. Lumin. 98, 281 (2002)

"Relating localized electronic states to host band structure in rare-earth-activated optical materials," C. W. Thiel, H. Cruguel, H. Wu, Y. Sun, G. J. Lapeyre, R. L. Cone, R. W. Equall, and R. M. Macfarlane, Opt. & Phot. News 12 (12), 64 (2001)

"Systematics of 4f electron energies relative to host bands by resonant photoemission of rare earth doped optical materials," C. W. Thiel, H. Cruguel, Y. Sun, G. J. Lapeyre, R. M. Macfarlane, R. W. Equall, and R. L. Cone, J. Lumin. 94-95, 1 (2001)

"Systematics of 4f electron energies relative to host bands by resonant photoemission of rare earth ions in aluminum garnets," C. W. Thiel, H. Cruguel, H. Wu, Y. Sun, G. J. Lapeyre, R. L. Cone, R. W. Equall, and R. M. Macfarlane, Phys. Rev. B 64, 085107 (2001)

"Two-pulse photon echo spectroscopy as a function of magnetic field orientation in Er³⁺:Y₂SiO₅" T. Böttger, C. W. Thiel, R. L. Cone, and Y. Sun, to be submitted to Phys. Rev. B

"Inhomogeneous Concentration Broadening and Magnetic Dipole-Dipole Interactions in Er³⁺:Y₂SiO₅" C. W. Thiel, T. Böttger, and R. L. Cone, to be submitted to J. Lumin.

"Energies of 4f^N and 4f^N-15d States Relative to Host Bands in Rare-earth-doped Fluorides" A. Collombet, C. W. Thiel, R. L. Cone, M.-F. Joubert, and A. Tkachuk, to be submitted to Phys. Rev. B

"Characterization of spectral hole burning frequency references by model and experiment," G. J. Pryde, C. W. Thiel, T. Böttger, R. L. Cone, and M. J. Sellars, to be submitted to Phys. Rev. B

"Measuring and Modeling Energies of Rare-earth Ion States Relative to Host Bands in Optical Materials," C. W. Thiel, Y. Sun, and R. L. Cone, Abstracts of Papers of the Americal Chemical Society, 227, U88-U88 83-NUCL Part 2 (2004)

"Spectral Holeburning and Optical Coherent Transients in Rare-earth Ions," Y. Sun, C. W. Thiel, and R. L. Cone, Abstracts of Papers of the Americal Chemical Society, 227, U91-U91 105-NUCL Part 2 (2004)

"Ultra-narrow Spectral Holes in Rare-earth-doped Crystals as Sub-kHz Frequency References for Active Stabilization of Diode Lasers at 1.5 µm and 793 nm," R. L. Cone, T. Böttger, C. W. Thiel, P. B. Sellin, G. J. Pryde, and Y. Sun, Abstracts of Papers of the Americal Chemical Society, 227, U88-U88 83-NUCL Part 2 (2004)

"Spectroscopy and Dynamics of Tm³⁺:LiNbO₃ for Quantum Information and Signal Processing Applications," C. W. Thiel, Y. Sun, Thomas Böttger, W. R. Babbitt, and R. L. Cone, Workshop on the Storage and Manipulation of Quantum Information in Optically-Addressed Solids, Bozeman, Montana, January 25-27, 2008

"Measuring and Modeling Energies of Rare-earth Ion States Relative to Host Bands in Optical Materials" C. W. Thiel, Y. Sun, and R. L. Cone, 227^th American Chemical Society National Meeting, Anaheim, California, March 28-April 1, 2004

"Energies of 4f^N and 4f^N-15d States Relative to Host Bands in Rare-Earth-Activated Optical Materials" C. W. Thiel, Y. Sun, and R. L. Cone, 23^rd Rare Earth Research Conference, Davis, California, July 13-18, 2002

"Progress in Relating Rare Earth Ion 4f and 5d Energy Levels to Host Bands and Optical Material Design for Hole Burning, Quantum Information, and Phosphors," C. W. Thiel, Y. Sun, and R. L. Cone, 32^nd Physics of Quantum Electronics Conference, Snowbird, Utah, January 6-10, 2002

"Systematics of 4f Electron Energies Relative to Host Bands by Resonant Photoemission of Rare Earth Doped Optical Materials, " C. W. Thiel, H. Cruguel, Y. Sun, G. J. Lapeyre, R. M. Macfarlane, R. W. Equall, and R. L. Cone, International Conference on Dynamical Processes of Excited States in Solids, Lyon, France, July 1-4, 2001

"Systematics of Rare Earth Band Structure by Photoemission for Laser and Holeburning Materials," C. W. Thiel, H. Cruguel, Y. Sun, G. J. Lapeyre, R. L. Cone, and R. W. Equall, 31^st Physics of Quantum Electronics Conference, Snowbird, Utah, January 8-11, 2001

"Minimizing optical decoherence in Er³⁺:Y₂SiO₅ at 1.5 µm," C. W. Thiel, Thomas Böttger, Y. Sun, and R. L. Cone, Workshop on the Storage and Manipulation of Quantum Information in Optically-Addressed Solids, Bozeman, Montana, January 25-27, 2008

"Spectroscopy and Dynamics of Er³⁺:LiNbO₃ for Quantum Information and Signal Processing Applications," C. W. Thiel, R. L. Cone, Thomas Böttger, Y. Sun, W. R. Babbitt, and K. D. Merkel, Workshop on the Storage and Manipulation of Quantum Information in Optically-Addressed Solids, Bozeman, Montana, January 25-27, 2008

"Energies of 4f^N and 4f^N-15d States Relative to Host Bands in Rare-earth-doped Fluorides" C. W. Thiel, A. Collombet, R. L. Cone, M.-F. Joubert, and A. Tkachuk, Optical Science and Laser Technology Conference, Bozeman, Montana, September 22-23, 2005.

"Energies of 4f^N and 4f^N-15d States Relative to Host Bands in Rare-earth-doped Fluorides" C. W. Thiel, A. Collombet, R. L. Cone, M.-F. Joubert, and A. Tkachuk, American Physical Society March Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 21-25, 2005

"Locating the Electronic States of Rare-Earth Ions Relative to Host Band States for the Developement of Photon-Gated Hole Burning Materials" C. W. Thiel, Y. Sun, and R. L. Cone, 8^th International Meeting on Hole Burning, Single Molecule, and Related Spectroscopies: Science and Applications, Bozeman, Montana, July 27-31, 2003

"Energies of 4f^N and 4f^N-15d States Relative to Host Bands in Rare-Earth-Activated Optical Materials" C. W. Thiel, Y. Sun, and R. L. Cone, Optical Science and Laser Technology Conference, Bozeman, MT, September 13-14, 2002

"Energy Level Structure of Rare-Earth-Activated Laser, Phosphor, and Scintillator Materials Probed by Electron Photoemission," C. W. Thiel, Y. Sun, H. Cruguel, G. J. Lapeyre, R. W. Equall, R. L. Hutcheson, and R. L. Cone, Optical Science and Laser Technology Conference, Bozeman, Montana, August 22, 2001

"Systematics of 4f Electron Energies Relative to Host Bands in Rare Earth Doped Optical Materials," C. W. Thiel, Y. Sun, G. J. Lapeyre, and R. L. Cone, Condensed Matter Seminar, Physics Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, January 31, 2001

"Systematics of Rare Earth Crystal band Structure by Photoemission for Design of Laser and Holeburning Materials," C. W. Thiel, H. Cruguel, Y. Sun, G. J. Lapeyre, R. L. Cone, R. W. Equall, and R. L. Hutcheson, Optical Science and laser Technology Conference, Bozeman, Montana, August 16-17, 2000

"Progress in Photoemission and Photoconductivity Measurements on Hole Burning Materials and Laser Materials," C. W. Thiel, Y. Sun, R. L. Cone, H. Cruguel, G. J. Lapeyre, R. W. Equall, R. M. Macfarlane, Optical Science and Laser Technology Conference, Bozeman, Montana, August 16-17, 1999

"Terbium Compounds for Photon-Gated Persistent Spectral Hole Burning," C. W. Thiel, Y. Sun, R. L. Cone, R. W. Equall, R. L. Hutcheson, and R. M. Macfarlane, Optical Science and Laser Technology Conference, Bozeman, Montana, August 17-18, 1998

"Photon-Gated Hole Burning Experiments in Terbium Compounds," C. W. Thiel, Y. Sun, Guangming Wang, and R. L. Cone, Optical Science and Laser Technology Conference, Bozeman, Montana, September 6-7, 1996

"Searches for Tb Compounds Exhibiting Photon Gated Holeburning," C. W. Thiel, Guangming Wang, G. A. White, R. L. Cone, R. M. Macfarlane, Ralph Hutcheson, R. W. Equall, and Marvin Abraham, Optical Science and Laser Technology Conference, Bozeman, Montana, September 6-7, 1995

"Calibration of High-Resolution Grating Monochromators," C. W. Thiel, Calvin Harrington, Guangming Wang, R. W. Equall, and R. L. Cone, Optical Science and Laser Technology Conference, Bozeman, Montana, September 6-7, 1994

"System Analysis, Optimization, and Demonstration of single qubit operations in Tm:YAG," Ijaz Zafarullah, Mingzhen Tian, C. W. Thiel, Krishna Rupavatharam, and W. R. Babbitt, Workshop on the Storage and Manipulation of Quantum Information in Optically-Addressed Solids, Bozeman, Montana, January 25-27, 2008

"Overview of Rare Earth Materials for SHB, SSH, EIT, and Quantum Information," R. L. Cone, C. W. Thiel, R. M. Macfarlane, T Böttger, and Y. Sun, Workshop on the Storage and Manipulation of Quantum Information in Optically-Addressed Solids, Bozeman, Montana, January 25-27, 2008

"Quantum Computing in Thulium Doped Crystals," Mingzhen Tian, Ijaz Zafarrullah, R. Krishna Mohan, Tiejun Chang, Charles W. Thiel, Rufus L. Cone, and W. Randall Babbitt, Ninth International Conference on Hole Burning, Single Molecule and Related Spectroscopies: Science and Applications, Aussois, France, June 24-29, 2006

"Laser Frequency Stabilization at 1.5 Microns by use of Ultranarrow Inhomogeneous Absorption Profiles in Er³⁺:LiYF₄," Thomas Böttger, G. J. Pryde, C. W. Thiel, and R. L. Cone, Ninth International Conference on Hole Burning, Single Molecule and Related Spectroscopies: Science and Applications, Aussois, France, June 24-29, 2006

"Rare Earth Materials and Stable Lasers for High-Bandwidth Optical Signal Processing," R. L. Cone, C. W. Thiel, P. B. Sellin, Thomas Böttger, and Y. Sun, Ninth International Conference on Hole Burning, Single Molecule and Related Spectroscopies: Science and Applications, Aussois, France, June 24-29, 2006

INVITED TALK, "From 20 Hz to Hundreds of Electron Volts-Rare Earth Materials for High-Bandwidth Optical Signal Processing, Lasers, and Phosphors," Rufus L. Cone, Charles W. Thiel, Peter B. Sellin, Thomas Böttger, Yongchen Sun, and Roger M. Macfarlane, Photonics West - Lasers and Applications in Science and Engineering - "LASE 2006," Laser Source Engineering - Solid State Lasers XV: Technology and Devices (6100-32), San Jose, California, January 24-29, 2006

"Optical Homogeneous Linewidths and Spectral Diffusion at 1.5 microns in Mixed Er³⁺:Eu³⁺:Y₂SiO₅ Studied by Photon Echo," R. L. Cone, T. Böttger, C. W. Thiel, and Y. Sun, March Meeting of the American Physical Society, Los Angeles, CA, March 21-25, 2005

"Optimizing Erbium doped materials for optical processing, memory, and laser frequency stabilization applications at 1.5 µm," T. Böttger, C. W. Thiel, Y. Sun, and R. L. Cone, 2004 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/International Quantum Electronics Conference, San Francisco, CA, May 16-21, 2004

INVITED TALK, "Spectral hole burning and optical coherent transients in rare-earth ions," Y. Sun, C. W. Thiel, and R. L. Cone, 227th American Chemical Society National Meeting, Anaheim, CA, March 28 - April 1, 2004

INVITED TALK, "Ultra-narrow spectral holes in rare-earth-doped crystals as sub-kHz frequency references for active stabilization of diode lasers at 1.5 µm and 793 nm," R. L. Cone, Thomas Böttger, C. W. Thiel, P. B. Sellin, G. J. Pryde, and Y. Sun, 227th American Chemical Society National Meeting, Anaheim, CA, March 28 - April 1, 2004

"Overview of Cone/Sun Group Activities on Optical Material Design and Characterization," R. L. Cone, Y. Sun, C. W. Thiel, Thomas Böttger, Gregory Reinemer, Peter B. Sellin, and Annabelle Collombet, Optical Science and Laser Technology Conference, Bozeman, MT, September 19-20, 2003

"Optical Dephasing by Disorder Modes in Yttrium Orthosilicate (YSO) doped with Eu³⁺," R. M. Macfarlane, Y. Sun, R. L. Cone, C. W. Thiel and R. W. Equall, 8th International Meeting on Hole Burning, Single Molecule, and Related Spectroscopies: Science and Applications, Bozeman, MT, July 27 - 31, 2003

"Spectral Diffusion in Erbium-Doped Transient Spectral Hole Burning Materials," C. W. Thiel, T. Böttger, Y. Sun, and R. L. Cone, 8th International Meeting on Hole Burning, Single Molecule, and Related Spectroscopies: Science and Applications, Bozeman, MT, July 27 - 31, 2003

"Material Optimization of Er³⁺:Y₂SiO₅ at 1.5 µm for optical processing, memory, and laser frequency stabilization applications," Thomas Böttger, Y. Sun, C. W. Thiel, and R. L. Cone, Photonics West, Advanced Optical Data Storage, San Jose, CA, January 2003

"Interferometric Characterization of Sample Vibration in Optical Cryostats," C. P. McCann, C. W. Thiel, Y. Sun, and R. L. Cone, Optical Science and Laser Technology Conference, Bozeman, MT, September 13-14, 2002

"Spectroscopy of Er³⁺:Y₂SiO₅ - A 1.5 Micron Spectral Holography Processing Material and Laser Wavelength Reference," Thomas Böttger, C. W. Thiel, Y. Sun, and R. L. Cone, Optical Science and Laser Technology Conference, Bozeman, MT, September 13-14, 2002

INVITED TALK, "Coherent Spectroscopy of Er³⁺-Doped Crystals for 1.5 µm Optical Signal Processing and Laser Frequency Stabilization," R. L. Cone, Y. Sun, Thomas Böttger, G. Reinemer, C. W. Thiel, T. L. Harris, G. J. Pryde, N. M. Strickland, R. W. Equall, R. L. Hutcheson, R. C. C. Ward, and Glynn D. Jones, 23rd Rare Earth Research Conference, University of California, Davis, California, July 14-18, 2002

INVITED TALK, "Lasers Stabilized to Regenerative Spectral Holes: Experiment, Modeling, and Material Optimization," Thomas Böttger, G. J. Pryde, C. W. Thiel, Y. Sun, and R. L. Cone, 32nd Winter Colloquium on The Physics of Quantum Electronics, Snowbird, Utah, January 6-10, 2002

INVITED TALK, "New Rare Earth Materials for Hole Burning and Coherent Transient Applications," Y. Sun, C. W. Thiel, R. L. Cone, R. W. Equall, and R. L. Hutcheson, 7th International Meeting on Hole Burning, Single Molecule, and Related Spectroscopies, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, November 18 - 23, 2001

"Progress in Rare Earth Materials for Hole Burning and Coherent Transient Applications," Y. Sun, C. W. Thiel, G. J. Pryde, T. L. Harris, T. Böttger, G. Reinemer, R. L. Cone, R. W. Equall, and R. L. Hutcheson, Optical Science and Laser Technology Conference, Bozeman, MT, August 22, 2001

"Overview of Cone/Sun Group Efforts on Material Design and Characterization and on Laser Frequency Stabilization to Spectral Holes," R. L. Cone, Y. Sun, G. J. Pryde, T. L. Harris, C. W. Thiel, T. Böttger, G. Reinemer, G. J. Lapeyre, R. W. Equall, and R. L. Hutcheson, Optical Science and Laser Technology Conference, Bozeman, MT, August 22, 2001

"Spectroscopy of Rare Earth Materials from 20 Hz to Hundreds of Electron Volts," R. L. Cone, Y. Sun, G. J. Pryde, A. Braud, C. W. Thiel, T. L. Harris, T. Böttger, G. Reinemer, G. J. Lapeyre, R. W. Equall, and R. L. Hutcheson, 2000 Optical Science and Laser Technology Conference, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, August 14-15, 2000

"New Studies of Materials," Y. Sun, G. J. Pryde, C. W. Thiel, Flurin Könz, G. Reinemer, T. L. Harris, R. L. Cone, R. W. Equall, R. L. Hutcheson, Workshop on Applications of Spectral Hole Burning 2000, Big Sky, Montana, July 9-12, 2000

"Optical Spectroscopy Of Perturbed Sites In Rare Earth Garnets," G. Reinemer, G. M. Wang, C. W. Thiel, Y. Sun, R. L. Cone, R. M. Macfarlane, R. W. Equall, and R. L. Hutcheson, Northwest Section Meeting of the American Physical Society, Eugene, Oregon, May 19-20, 2000

INVITED TALK, "Characterization and development of new rare earth optical materials," Y. Sun, R. L. Cone, C. W. Thiel, T. L. Harris, T. Böttger, G. Reinemer, and R. W. Equall, 30th Winter Colloquium on The Physics of Quantum Electronics, Snowbird, Utah, January 9-12, 2000

"Concentration and Temperature Dependence of Optical Dephasing and Hyperfine Spectral Hole Relaxation in Eu³⁺:Y₂SiO₅," F. Könz, Y. Sun, C. W. Thiel, R. L. Cone, R. W. Equall, and R. L. Hutcheson, 6th International Conference on Hole-Burning and Related Spectroscopies, Hourtin, France, September 18- 23, 1999

INVITED TALK, "New Rare Earth Materials, Material Concepts, and Demonstrations of Spectral Hole Burning Applications," R. L. Cone, Y. Sun, F. Könz, N. M. Strickland, T. L. Harris, C. W. Thiel, T. Böttger, G. Reinemer, W. R. Babbitt, R. W. Equall, R. L. Hutcheson, R. M. Macfarlane, and J. A. Ritcey, 6th International Conference on Hole-Burning and Related Spectroscopies, Hourtin, France, September 18 - 23, 1999

"Concentration, Temperature, and Composition Dependence of Optical Dephasing and Absorption in Eu³⁺:Y₂SiO₅ for Optical Memory and Frequency Standards," F. Könz, Y. Sun, C. W. Thiel, R. L. Cone, R. W. Equall, R. L. Hutcheson, and R. M. Macfarlane, 1999 Optical Science and Laser Technology Conference, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, August 16-17, 1999

"Concentration, Temperature, and Composition Dependence of Optical Dephasing and Anisotropic Absorption in Eu³⁺:Y₂SiO₅," F. Könz, Y. Sun, C. W. Thiel, R. L. Cone, and R. W. Equall, Centennial Meeting of the American Physical Society, Atlanta, GA, March 20-26, 1999

INVITED TALK, "New Rare Earth Materials, Material Concepts, and Prototype Devices," R. L. Cone, Y. Sun, F. Könz, N. M. Strickland, T. L. Harris, C. W. Thiel, T. Böttger, G. Reinemer, and W. R. Babbitt, R. W. Equall and R. L. Hutcheson, R. M. Macfarlane, J. A. Ritcey, Fifth International Workshop on Applications of Spectral Hole Burning, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, March 7-10, 1999